Vitamin B12 Deficiency | Signs, Causes, And Most Effective Treatments

B12 is an essential nutrient that maintains the proper functioning of the body, so we need to be aware of all aspects of vitamin B12 deficiency and discuss it.

It is important for red blood cell production, brain function, and nerve health.

When a person does not have adequate B12, it can cause serious health issues.

Vitamin B12 deficiency isn’t uncommon, especially among older adults, vegetarians, and those with disorders that affect absorption.

But what exactly causes it? How can you identify the symptoms? And what, most crucially, can you do to treat it and prevent it? So, let’s get into it all you need to know.

Why Do You Have A Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

There are various reasons why one would become deficient in vitamin B12.

Some don’t get enough from their diet, while others have difficulty absorbing it. Aging and some medications can similarly compound the problem.

Dietary Deficiency

One of the most common factors of vitamin B12 deficiency is a lack of consumption of vitamin B12 foods.

This puts strict vegetarians and vegans at particularly high risk since vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal products. If you don’t eat meat, fish, eggs, or dairy, you might not be getting enough.

Even if you consume some animal products, but not often enough, you may still be low.

Malabsorption Issues

Sometimes the body can’t absorb B12, even if there’s plenty in the diet. Several health conditions can cause this to happen:

• Pernicious anemia — A disease in which the immune system destroys stomach cells that make a protein called intrinsic factor that’s needed for the absorption of B12.
• Crohn’s disease and celiac disease — These diseases hurt the intestines and also cause failure to absorb nutrients — in this case, vitamin B12.
• Gastric bypass surgery — Individuals who’ve had weight-loss surgery may have difficulty with absorption due to portions of their stomach or intestines being removed.

Medication Interactions

Some medications can cause vitamin B12 deficiency by disrupting its absorption. Some of the biggest culprits include:

• Metformin – used to treat diabetes, can impair B12 absorption long term.
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and antacids — Drugs such as omeprazole and ranitidine lower the production of stomach acid, which is needed to free B12 from food.

Aging

The body’s ability to absorb B12 in food decreases as people age. This occurs because the stomach secretes less acid — which is necessary to release B12 from food.

Many older adults unwittingly become deficient, even if they eat a wholesome diet.

4 Most Common Symptoms Of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Vitamin B12 is involved in many body functions, so symptoms can differ widely. Mild symptoms in some, while others develop serious complications.

Neurological Symptoms

One of the most concerning aspects of vitamin B12 deficiency is the impact it has on the nervous system.

Because B12 is important for keeping the protective covering on nerves intact, low levels can lead to:

• Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet (often referred to as “pins and needles”).
• Balance problems that make people more likely to trip or fall.
• Inability to concentrate and a “fogginess” in the brain.
• Memory problems that may be confused with dementia.

Fatigue And Weakness

Vitamin B12 is essential for producing red blood cells. Without sufficient, the body can’t transport oxygen properly, leading to:

• Severe fatigue, despite a full night’s sleep.
• Muscle weakness, which can make daily tasks more difficult.
• Breathlessness, particularly when using the stairs or walking.

Mental Health Effects

Not having enough B12 is not only hard on the body, it also takes a toll on the mind. Some psychological symptoms are as follows:

• Depression and mood swings that may get progressively worse.
• Irritability, so that people become more easily irritated.
• Confusion, which at times makes it difficult to digest any information.

Digestive Issues

It is less common, but some individuals suffer digestive issues because of B12 deficiency. These can include:

• Loss of appetite resulting in unintended weight loss.
• Nausea and stomach upset.
• Diarrhea or constipation.

Untreated and prolonged, B12 deficiency has descendants, including irreversible nerve damage, severe anemia, and even heart problems. And that’s why it’s so important to treat it early.

How To Treat And Prevent B12 Deficiency

The good news? There usually is an easy fix for vitamin B12 deficiency. Depending on what is causing the problem, different treatments may be advised.

Dietary Sources

For those with mild deficiencies, consuming more foods rich in B12 might be sufficient to return levels to a healthy state. Here are some of the most helpful:

• Meat – Beef and chicken, but surprisingly also liver.
• Fish and shellfish Salmon, tuna and clams are rich in B12.
• Eggs and dairy — Cheese, milk, and yogurt are good sources.
• Fortified foods — Certain plant-derived products, including cereals and soy milk, are supplemented with B12.

The best natural sources of B12 for vegetarians and vegans are fortified foods. Supplements may still be needed, though.

Vitamin B12 Supplements

Alot of people supplement B12 to avoid or to correct a vitamin B12 deficiency. The thing is, not all supplements are equal. The two main forms are:

• Cyanocobalamin – the most common and cheapest form, but must be converted in the body.
• Methylcobalamin – A more natural, easier-to-absorb form; especially beneficial to individuals with absorption issues.

For most people, an oral B12 supplement can be taken daily; in more severe cases, injections may be required.

B12 Injections

For people who cannot absorb B12 through their digestive tract, injections are usually the best option.

These are typically administered every few weeks or months, depending on how bad the deficiency is.

Injections skip over the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, so they work even for people with malabsorption issues.

Managing Underlying Conditions

If a health problem is causing low B12 levels, the underlying issue must be resolved. Some strategies include:

• For pernicious anemia — Injections of B12 or high-dose supplements on the long term.
• For digestive disorders – Managing Crohn’s or celiac disease can help improve absorption.
• Medication-induced deficiency – Altering/changing medications with a physician’s direction.

Final Thoughts

Vitamin B12 deficiency is more prevalent than most people think, but it’s also among the easiest to treat.

Diet, absorption, medication — whatever the reason, recognizing symptoms of deficiency early can avert serious complications.

The best way to keep levels healthy is to eat B12-rich foods, take supplements when needed, and treat any underlying health conditions.

If you think you might be deficient, don’t wait — talk to a healthcare provider and do something to protect your health.